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Them Truth of Them and Other Tales Cd Review

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Earliest British prose stories

The opening few lines of the Mabinogi, from the Red Book of Hergest, scanned by the Bodleian Library

The Mabinogion (Welsh pronunciation: [mabɪˈnɔɡjɔn] ( listen )) are the earliest British prose stories, and belong to the Matter of United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. The stories were compiled in Middle Welsh in the 12th–13th centuries from before oral traditions. In that location are two primary source manuscripts, created c. 1350–1410, every bit well every bit a few earlier fragments. The championship covers a collection of eleven prose stories of widely different types, offering drama, philosophy, romance, tragedy, fantasy and humour, and created by various narrators over time. At that place is a classic hero quest, "Culhwch and Olwen"; a historic legend in "Lludd and Llefelys," consummate with glimpses of a far off age; and other tales portray a very unlike Male monarch Arthur from the later on popular versions. The highly sophisticated complexity of the Iv Branches of the Mabinogi defies categorisation. The stories are and then diverse that it has been argued that they are not fifty-fifty a true collection.[1]

Scholars from the 18th century to the 1970s predominantly viewed the tales every bit fragmentary pre-Christian Celtic mythology,[2] or in terms of international sociology.[3] There are certainly components of pre-Christian Celtic mythology and folklore, simply since the 1970s[four] an understanding of the integrity of the tales has developed, with investigation of their plot structures, characterisation, and language styles. They are at present seen as a sophisticated narrative tradition, both oral and written, with ancestral construction from oral storytelling,[5] [6] and overlay from Anglo-French influences.[vii]

The first modern publications were English translations by William Owen Pughe of several tales in journals in 1795, 1821, and 1829.[8] Yet information technology was Lady Charlotte Guest in 1838–45 who commencement published the full drove,[9] bilingually in Welsh and English. She is oftentimes assumed to be responsible for the name "Mabinogion", but this was already in standard use in the 18th century.[10] Indeed, as early as 1632 the lexicographer John Davies quotes a sentence from Math fab Mathonwy with the notation "Mabin" in his Antiquae linguae Britannicae ... dictionarium duplex, article "Hob". The afterwards Guest translation of 1877 in i book has been widely influential and remains actively read today.[11] The about contempo translation is a compact version past Sioned Davies.[12] John Bollard has published a series of volumes with his own translation, with copious photography of the sites in the stories.[thirteen] The tales continue to inspire new fiction,[14] dramatic retellings,[fifteen] visual artwork, and research.[16]

Etymology [edit]

The proper noun first appears in 1795 in William Owen Pughe'due south translation of Pwyll in the journal Cambrian Annals under the title "The Mabinogion, or Juvenile Amusements, being Aboriginal Welsh Romances".[17] The proper noun appears to have been current among Welsh scholars of the London-Welsh Societies and the regional eisteddfodau in Wales. It was inherited as the championship by the first publisher of the complete collection, Lady Charlotte Guest. The grade mabynnogyon occurs once at the stop of the first of the Four Branches of the Mabinogi in one manuscript. It is now mostly agreed that this 1 case was a mediaeval scribal error which assumed 'mabinogion' was the plural of 'mabinogi', which is already a Welsh plural occurring correctly at the finish of the remaining iii branches.[eighteen]

The word mabinogi itself is something of a puzzle, although clearly derived from the Welsh mab, which means "son, boy, young person".[19] Eric P. Hamp of the earlier school traditions in mythology, found a suggestive connexion with Maponos "the Divine Son", a Gaulish deity. Mabinogi properly applies only to the Four Branches,[20] which is a tightly organised quartet very likely by one author, where the other 7 are so very diverse (see below). Each of these iv tales ends with the colophon "thus ends this co-operative of the Mabinogi" (in diverse spellings), hence the proper name.[21]

Translations [edit]

Lady Charlotte Guest'southward work was helped by the earlier research and translation work of William Owen Pughe.[22] The first part of Charlotte Invitee'southward translation of the Mabinogion appeared in 1838, and it was completed in seven parts in 1845.[23] A iii-book edition followed in 1846,[24] and a revised edition in 1877. Her version of the Mabinogion remained standard until the 1948 translation by Gwyn Jones and Thomas Jones, which has been widely praised for its combination of literal accuracy and elegant literary mode.[25] [26] Several more, listed below, have since appeared.

Date of stories [edit]

Dates for the tales in the Mabinogion have been much debated, a range from 1050 to 1225 being proposed,[27] with the consensus being that they are to be dated to the late 11th and 12th centuries.[28] The stories of the Mabinogion announced in either or both of 2 medieval Welsh manuscripts, the White Book of Rhydderch or Llyfr Gwyn Rhydderch, written circa 1350, and the Red Book of Hergest or Llyfr Coch Hergest, written nearly 1382–1410, though texts or fragments of some of the tales have been preserved in earlier 13th century and subsequently manuscripts. Scholars concord that the tales are older than the existing manuscripts, only disagree over just how much older. It is articulate that the different texts included in the Mabinogion originated at different times (though regardless their importance every bit records of early myth, fable, folklore, culture, and language of Wales remains immense).

Thus the tale of Culhwch air conditioning Olwen, with its primitive warlord Arthur and his courtroom based at Celliwig, is by and large accepted to precede the Arthurian romances, which themselves show the influence of Geoffrey of Monmouth'south Historia Regum Britanniae (1134–36) and the romances of Chrétien de Troyes.[29] Those following R. S. Loomis would appointment it before 1100, and see it equally providing important evidence for the development of Arthurian legend, with links to Nennius and early Welsh verse.[thirty] Past contrast, The Dream of Rhonabwy is gear up in the reign of the historical Madog ap Maredudd (1130–lx), and must therefore either be contemporary with or postdate his reign, being perhaps early 13th C.[31]

Much debate has been focused on the dating of the Four Branches of the Mabinogi. Ifor Williams offered a date prior to 1100, based on linguistic and historical arguments,[32] while later Saunders Lewis set forth a number of arguments for a engagement between 1170 and 1190; Thomas Charles-Edwards, in a paper published in 1970, discussed the strengths and weaknesses of both viewpoints, and while critical of the arguments of both scholars, noted that the linguistic communication of the stories best fits the 11th century, (specifically 1050–1120),[33] although much more work is needed. More than recently, Patrick Sims-Williams argued for a plausible range of about 1060 to 1200, which seems to be the current scholarly consensus (fitting all the previously suggested date ranges).

Stories [edit]

The collection represents the vast majority of prose plant in medieval Welsh manuscripts which is non translated from other languages. Notable exceptions are the Areithiau Pros. None of the titles are contemporary with the earliest extant versions of the stories, only are on the whole modern ascriptions. The eleven tales are non adjacent in either of the main early manuscript sources, the White Book of Rhydderch (c. 1375) and the Red Book of Hergest (c. 1400), and indeed Breuddwyd Rhonabwy is absent from the White Book.

Four Branches of the Mabinogi [edit]

The Four Branches of the Mabinogi (Pedair Cainc y Mabinogi) are the most clearly mythological stories independent in the Mabinogion collection. Pryderi appears in all iv, though not always equally the central grapheme.

  • Pwyll Pendefig Dyfed (Pwyll, Prince of Dyfed) tells of Pryderi's parents and his nascence, loss and recovery.
  • Branwen ferch Llŷr (Branwen, daughter of Llŷr) is generally nearly Branwen's spousal relationship to the Rex of Ireland. Pryderi appears simply does non play a major part.
  • Manawydan fab Llŷr (Manawydan, son of Llŷr) has Pryderi return abode with Manawydan, blood brother of Branwen, and describes the misfortunes that follow them there.
  • Math fab Mathonwy (Math, son of Mathonwy) is more often than not about the eponymous Math and Gwydion, who come into conflict with Pryderi.

Native tales [edit]

Also included in Lady Guest's compilation are five stories from Welsh tradition and fable:

  • Breuddwyd Macsen Wledig (The Dream of Macsen Wledig)
  • Lludd a Llefelys (Lludd and Llefelys)
  • Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch and Olwen)
  • Breuddwyd Rhonabwy (The Dream of Rhonabwy)
  • Hanes Taliesin (The Tale of Taliesin)

The tales Culhwch and Olwen and The Dream of Rhonabwy have interested scholars considering they preserve older traditions of Male monarch Arthur. The subject thing and the characters described events that happened long earlier medieval times. After the departure of the Roman Legions, the later half of the 5th century was a difficult fourth dimension in Britain. King Arthur'south twelve battles and defeat of invaders and raiders are said to take culminated in the Battle of Badon.

There is no consensus most the ultimate significant of The Dream of Rhonabwy. On one paw it derides Madoc's time, which is critically compared to the illustrious Arthurian historic period. However, Arthur'southward time is portrayed as illogical and silly, leading to suggestions that this is a satire on both contemporary times and the myth of a heroic age.[34]

Rhonabwy is the most literary of the medieval Welsh prose tales. It may have as well been the final written. A colophon at the stop declares that no ane is able to recite the work in total without a book, the level of particular being as well much for the memory to handle. The comment suggests it was not popular with storytellers, though this was more likely due to its position as a literary tale rather than a traditional one.[35]

The tale The Dream of Macsen Wledig is a romanticised story almost the Roman emperor Magnus Maximus, called Macsen Wledig in Welsh. Born in Hispania, he became a legionary commander in Great britain, assembled a Celtic army and assumed the title of Roman Emperor in 383. He was defeated in battle in 385 and beheaded at the management of the Eastern Roman emperor.

The story of Taliesin is a subsequently survival, not present in the Reddish or White Books, and is omitted from many of the more recent translations.

Romances [edit]

The tales chosen the Three Welsh Romances (Y Tair Rhamant) are Welsh-language versions of Arthurian tales that likewise announced in the work of Chrétien de Troyes.[36] Critics accept debated whether the Welsh Romances are based on Chrétien's poems or if they derive from a shared original.[37] Though it is arguable that the surviving Romances might derive, directly or indirectly, from Chrétien, it is likely that he in plough based his tales on older, Celtic sources.[38] The Welsh stories are not directly translations and include material not found in Chrétien's piece of work.

  • Owain, neu Iarlles y Ffynnon (Owain, or the Lady of the Fountain)
  • Peredur fab Efrog (Peredur son of Efrawg)
  • Geraint ac Enid (Geraint and Enid)

Influence on later works [edit]

The Panel of the Mabinogi (watercolour and gouache on silk) by George Sheringham (1884-1937)

  • Kenneth Morris, himself a Welshman, pioneered the adaptation of the Mabinogion with The Fates of the Princes of Dyfed (1914) and Book of the Three Dragons (1930).
  • Evangeline Walton adapted the Mabinogion in the novels The Island of the Mighty (1936), The Children of Llyr (1971), The Song of Rhiannon (1972) and Prince of Annwn (1974), each one of which she based on one of the branches, although she began with the fourth and ended by telling the first. These were published together in chronological sequence as The Mabinogion Tetralogy in 2002.
  • Y Mabinogi is a pic version, produced in 2003. Information technology starts with alive action among Welsh people in the modern world. They and then 'fall into' the legend, which is shown through animated characters. It conflates some elements of the myths and omits others.
  • The tale of "Culhwch and Olwen" was adapted by Derek Webb in Welsh and English as a dramatic recreation for the reopening of Narberth Castle in Pembrokeshire in 2005.
  • Lloyd Alexander's award-winning The Chronicles of Prydain fantasy novels for younger readers are loosely based on Welsh legends institute in the Mabinogion. Specific elements incorporated within Alexander's books include the Cauldron of the Undead, too every bit adapted versions of important figures in the Mabinogion such equally Prince Gwydion and Arawn, Lord of the Expressionless.
  • Alan Garner's novel The Owl Service (Collins, 1967; first US edition Henry Z. Walck, 1968) alludes to the mythical Blodeuwedd featured in the 4th Branch of the Mabinogi. In Garner's tale three teenagers find themselves re-enacting the story. They awaken the legend by finding a set of dinner plates (a "dinner service") with an owl pattern, which gives the novel its title.
  • The Welsh mythology of The Mabinogion, especially the Four Branches of the Mabinogi, is important in John Cowper Powys'due south novels Owen Glendower (1941), and Porius (1951).[39] Jeremy Hooker sees The Mabinogion as having "a significant presence […] through grapheme's cognition of its stories and identification of themselves or others with figures or incidents in the stories".[40] Indeed, there are "almost l allusions to these four […] tales"' (The Iv Branches of the Mabinogi) in the novel, though "some ... are fairly obscure and camouflaged".[41] Also in Porius Powys creates the character Sylvannus Bleheris, Henog of Dyfed, writer of the Four Pre-Arthurian Branches of the Mabinogi concerned with Pryderi, equally a manner linking the mythological background of Porius with this attribute of the Mabinogion.[42]
  • J. R. R. Tolkien's mythic fantasy The Silmarillion was influenced by the Mabinogion.[43] [44] The proper name Silmarillion is also meant to reflect the proper name Mabinogion. Tolkien also worked on a translation of Pwyll Prince of Dyfed, held at the Bodleian Library.[45] [ incomplete short citation ]

See also [edit]

  • Medieval Welsh literature
  • Three paintings past Welsh creative person Christopher Williams: Ceridwen (1910) and Branwen (1915) at the Glynn Vivian Art Gallery, and Blodeuwedd (1930) at the Newport Museum
  • Mabinogion sheep problem

References [edit]

  1. ^ John K. Bollard. "Mabinogi and Mabinogion - The Mabinogi". The Fable and Mural of Wales Serial
  2. ^ Notably Matthew Arnold; William J. Gruffydd.
  3. ^ Kenneth Hurlstone Jackson. 1961. The International Popular Tale and the Early Welsh Tradition. The Gregynog Lectures. Cardiff: Cup.
  4. ^ Bollard 1974; Gantz 1978; Ford 1981.
  5. ^ Sioned Davies. 1998. "Written Text every bit Performance: The Implications for Middle Welsh Prose Narratives", in: Literacy in Medieval Celtic Societies, 133–148
  6. ^ Sioned Davies. 2005. "'He Was the Best Teller of Tales in the World': Performing Medieval Welsh Narrative", in: Performing Medieval Narrative, 15–26. Cambridge: Brewer.
  7. ^ Lady Charlotte Guest. The Mabinogion. A Facsimile Reproduction of the Complete 1877 Edition, Academy Press Limited Edition 1978, Chicago, Ill. p. 13.
  8. ^ 1. William Owen Pughe. 1795. "The Mabinogion, or Juvenile Amusements, Being Ancient Welsh Romances". Cambrian Register, 177–187.
    2. William Owen Pughe. 1821. "The Tale of Pwyll". Cambro-Briton Periodical 2 (18): 271–275.
    3. William Owen Pughe. 1829. "The Mabinogi: Or, the Romance of Math Ab Mathonwy". The Cambrian Quarterly Mag and Celtic Repository 1: 170–179.
  9. ^ Guest, Lady Charlotte (2002). "The Mabinogion" (PDF). aoda.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04.
  10. ^ "Myths and legends – The Mabinogion". www.bbc.co.united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. BBC Wales – History –Themes. Retrieved 2017-08-01 .
  11. ^ Available online since 2004. Charlotte Guest. 2004. "The Mabinogion". Gutenberg. http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=5160.
  12. ^ Sioned Davies. 2007. The Mabinogion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  13. ^ one. John Kenneth Bollard. 2006. Fable and Mural of Wales: The Mabinogi. Llandysul, Wales: Gomer Press.
    ii. John Kenneth Bollard. 2007. Companion Tales to The Mabinogi. Llandysul, Wales: Gomer Press.
    3. John Kenneth Bollard. 2010. Tales of Arthur: Legend and Landscape of Wales. Llandysul, Wales: Gomer Press. Photography by Anthony Griffiths.
  14. ^ For example, the 2009–2014 series of books commissioned by Welsh independent publisher Seren Books; simply the earliest reinterpretations were by Evangeline Walton starting in 1936.
  15. ^ east.g. Robin Williams; Daniel Morden.
  16. ^ "BBC – Wales History – The Mabinogion". BBC. Retrieved 2008-07-xi .
  17. ^ Peter Stevenson, Welsh Folk Tales. The History Printing, 2017, np. [1]
  18. ^ S Davies trans. The Mabinogion (Oxford 2007) pp. ix–x
  19. ^ I. Ousby (ed.), The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English (Cambridge 1995), p. 579
  20. ^ Sioned Davies (translator). The Mabinogion (Oxford 2007), p. ix–x.
  21. ^ Sioned Davies (translator), The Mabinogion (Oxford 2007), p. x.
  22. ^ "Guest (Schreiber), Lady Charlotte Elizabeth Bertie". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved vi March 2015.
  23. ^ "BBC Wales History – Lady Charlotte Guest". BBC Wales . Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  24. ^ "Lady Charlotte Invitee. extracts from her journal 1833–1852". Genuki: Uk and Ireland Genealogy . Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  25. ^ "Lady Charlotte Invitee". Data Wales Index and search. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  26. ^ Stephens, Meic, ed. (1986). The Oxford Companion to the Literature of Wales. Oxford: Oxford University Printing. pp. 306, 326. ISBN0-19-211586-3.
  27. ^ Andrew Cakewalk, The Origins of the Four Branches of the Mabinogion (Leominster 2009), p. 72, 137.
  28. ^ I. Ousby (ed.), The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English language (Cambridge 1995), p. 579
  29. ^ Sioned Davies (translator), The Mabinogion (Oxford 2007), p. xxiii, 279.
  30. ^ H. Mustard (translator), Parzival (New York 1961) pp. xxxi, xlii
  31. ^ Sioned Davies (translator), The Mabinogion (Oxford 2007), p. xxi.
  32. ^ Andrew Cakewalk, The Origins of the Iv Branches of the Mabinogion (Leominster 2009), p. 69.
  33. ^ Andrew Breeze, The Origins of the Four Branches of the Mabinogion (Leominster 2009), p. 72.
  34. ^ Brynley F. Roberts (1991). "The Dream of Rhonabwy", in: Norris J. Lacy, The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, pp. 120–121. New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8240-4377-4.
  35. ^ Ceridwen Lloyd-Morgan (1991). "'Breuddwyd Rhonabwy' and Later on Arthurian Literature", in: Rachel Bromwich et al., "The Arthur of the Welsh", p. 183. Cardiff: University of Wales. ISBN 0-7083-1107-five.
  36. ^ David Staines (Translator) The Consummate Romances of Chrétien de Troyes. Indiana Academy Press, Bloomington & Indianapolis, 1990, p. 1, 257, 339.
  37. ^ Jessie L. Weston (1993; originally published 1920). From Ritual To Romance. Princeton Academy Printing, Princeton, New Jersey, p. 107.
  38. ^ Roger Sherman Loomis (1991). The Grail: From Celtic Myth to Christian Symbol, Princeton, p. viii. ISBN 0-691-02075-2
  39. ^ John Brebner describes The Mabinogion as "indispensable for agreement Powys'southward afterward novels", past which he means Owen Glendower and Porius (fn, p. 191).
  40. ^ "John Cowper Powys: 'Figure of the Marches'", in his Imagining Wales (Cardiff: University of Wales Printing, 2001), p. 106.
  41. ^ W. J. Keith, p. 44.
  42. ^ John Cowper Powys, "The Characters of the Book", Porius, p. eighteen.
  43. ^ Tom Shippey, The Road to Heart Earth, pp. 193–194: "The hunting of the great wolf recalls the chase of the boar Twrch Trwyth in the Welsh Mabinogion, while the motif of 'the hand in the wolf's oral cavity' is one of the nearly famous parts of the Prose Edda, told of Fenris Wolf and the god Tyr; Huan recalls several faithful hounds of fable, Garm, Gelert, Cafall".
  44. ^ Hooker 2002, pp. 176–177 harvnb mistake: no target: CITEREFHooker2002 (help), "The Feigned-manuscript Topos": "The 1849 translation of The Ruby Book of Hergest by Lady Charlotte Guest (1812–1895), which is more than widely known as The Mabinogion, is as well of undoubted authenticity (...) It is now housed in the library at Jesus Higher, Oxford. Tolkien's well-known love of Welsh suggests that he would have too been well-acquainted with the source of Lady Guest's translation. For the Tolkiennymist, the coincidence of the names of the sources of Lady Charlotte Invitee'due south and Tolkien's translations is hitting: The Cerise Book of Hergest and The Cerise Book of Westmarch. Tolkien wanted to write (translate) a mythology for England, and Lady Charlotte Invitee's work can easily be said to be a 'mythology for Wales.' The implication of this coincidence is intriguing".
  45. ^ Carl Phelpstead, Tolkien and Wales: Language, Literature and Identity, p. lx

Bibliography [edit]

Translations and retellings [edit]

  • Bollard, John K. (translator), and Anthony Griffiths (lensman). Tales of Arthur: Legend and Landscape of Wales. Gomer Press, Llandysul, 2010. ISBN 978-one-84851-112-5. (Contains "The History of Peredur or The Fortress of Wonders", "The Tale of the Countess of the Spring", and "The History of Geraint son of Erbin", with textual notes.)
  • Bollard, John Thou. (translator), and Anthony Griffiths (lensman). Companion Tales to The Mabinogi: Legend and Landscape of Wales. Gomer Press, Llandysul, 2007. ISBN 1-84323-825-X. (Contains "How Culhwch Got Olwen", "The Dream of Maxen Wledig", "The Story of Lludd and Llefelys", and "The Dream of Rhonabwy", with textual notes.)
  • Bollard, John K. (translator), and Anthony Griffiths (photographer). The Mabinogi: Legend and Landscape of Wales. Gomer Press, Llandysul, 2006. ISBN 1-84323-348-7. (Contains the Four Branches, with textual notes.)
  • Davies, Sioned. The Mabinogion. Oxford World'south Classics, 2007. ISBN 1-4068-0509-2. (Omits "Taliesin". Has extensive notes.)
  • Ellis, T. P., and John Lloyd. The Mabinogion: a New Translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1929. (Omits "Taliesin"; only English translation to list manuscript variants.)
  • Ford, Patrick K. The Mabinogi and Other Medieval Welsh Tales. Berkeley: University of California Printing, 1977. ISBN 0-520-03414-7. (Includes "Taliesin" simply omits "The Dream of Rhonabwy", "The Dream of Macsen Wledig" and the iii Arthurian romances.)
  • Gantz, Jeffrey. Trans. The Mabinogion. London and New York: Penguin Books, 1976. ISBN 0-xiv-044322-3. (Omits "Taliesin".)
  • Invitee, Lady Charlotte. The Mabinogion. Dover Publications, 1997. ISBN 0-486-29541-ix. (Invitee omits passages which only a Victorian would find at all risqué. This particular edition omits all Guest's notes.)
  • Jones, Gwyn and Jones, Thomas. The Mabinogion. Golden Cockerel Printing, 1948. (Omits "Taliesin".)
    • Everyman'south Library edition, 1949; revised in 1989, 1991.
    • Jones, George (Ed), 1993 edition, Everyman Due south, ISBN 0-460-87297-4.
    • 2001 Edition, (Preface by John Updike), ISBN 0-375-41175-5.
  • Knill, Stanley. The Mabinogion Brought To Life. Capel-y-ffin Publishing, 2013. ISBN 978-ane-4895-1528-5. (Omits Taliesin. A retelling with General Explanatory Notes.) Presented every bit prose simply comprising 10,000+ lines of subconscious decasyllabic poesy.

Welsh text and editions [edit]

  • Branwen Uerch Lyr. Ed. Derick Due south. Thomson. Medieval and Modern Welsh Series Vol. Ii. Dublin: Dublin Establish for Avant-garde Studies, 1976. ISBN i-85500-059-viii
  • Breuddwyd Maxen. Ed. Ifor Williams. Bangor: Jarvis & Foster, 1920.
  • Breudwyt Maxen Wledig. Ed. Brynley F. Roberts. Medieval and Modern Welsh Serial Vol. XI. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Avant-garde Studies, 2005.
  • Breudwyt Ronabwy. Ed. Melville Richards. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1948.
  • Culhwch and Olwen: An Edition and Study of the Oldest Arthurian Tale. Rachel, Bromwich and D. Simon Evans. Eds. and trans. Aberystwyth: University of Wales, 1988; Second edition, 1992.
  • Cyfranc Lludd a Llefelys. Ed. Brynley F. Roberts. Medieval and Mod Welsh Series Vol. VII. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1975.
  • Historia Peredur vab Efrawc. Ed. Glenys Witchard Goetinck. Cardiff: Academy of Wales Press. 1976.
  • Llyfr Gwyn Rhydderch. Ed. J. Gwenogvryn Evans. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1973.
  • Math Uab Mathonwy. Ed. Ian Hughes. Aberystwyth: Prifysgol Cymru, 2000.
  • Owein or Chwedyl Iarlles y Ffynnawn. Ed. R.L. Thomson. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1986.
  • Pedeir Keinc y Mabinogi. Ed. Ifor Williams. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1951. ISBN 0-7083-1407-iv
  • Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet. Ed. R. L. Thomson. Medieval and Modern Welsh Serial Vol. I. Dublin: Dublin Plant for Avant-garde Studies, 1986. ISBN 1-85500-051-2
  • Ystorya Gereint uab Erbin. Ed. R. L. Thomson. Medieval and Modern Welsh Series Vol. 10. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1997.
  • Ystoria Taliesin. Ed. Patrick Thou. Ford. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1992. ISBN 0-7083-1092-3

Secondary sources [edit]

  • Breeze, A. C. The Origins of the "Four Branches of the Mabinogi". Leominster: Gracewing Publishing, Ltd., 2009. ISBN 0-8524-4553-nine
  • Charles-Edwards, T.M. "The Engagement of the Four Branches of the Mabinogi" Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion (1970): 263–298.
  • Ford, Patrick K. "Prolegomena to a Reading of the Mabinogi: 'Pwyll' and 'Manawydan.'" Studia Celtica 16/17 (1981–82): 110–125.
  • Ford, Patrick K. "Branwen: A Study of the Celtic Affinities," Studia Celtica 22/23 (1987/1988): 29–35.
  • Hamp, Eric P. "Mabinogi". Transactions of the Honourable Club of Cymmrodorion (1974–1975): 243–249.
  • Parker, Will (2005). The Four Branches of the Mabinogi. Oregon House, CA: Bardic Press. ISBN978-0974566757.
  • Sims-Williams, Patrick. "The Submission of Irish gaelic Kings in Fact and Fiction: Henry 2, Bendigeidfran, and the dating of the Four Branches of the Mabinogi", Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies, 22 (Winter 1991): 31–61.
  • Sullivan, C. W. 3 (editor). The Mabinogi, A Books of Essays. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1996. ISBN 0-8153-1482-v

External links [edit]

The Guest translation can be found with all original notes and illustrations at:

  • The Mabinogion - From the Llyfr Coch o Hergest, and other ancient Welsh manuscripts, with an English translation and notes (1st version; 1838 and 1845)
  • Sacred Texts: The Mabinogion

The original Welsh texts can be found at:

  • Mabinogion (an 1887 edition at the Internet Archive; contains all the stories except the "Tale of Taliesin")
  • Mabinogion (Contains only the iv branches reproduced, with textual variants, from Ifor Williams' edition.)
  • Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet
  • Branwen uerch Lyr
  • Manawydan uab Llyr

Versions without the notes, presumably more often than not from the Project Gutenberg edition, can be found on numerous sites, including:

  • Project Gutenberg Edition of The Mabinogion (From the 1849 edition of Invitee'southward translation)
  • The Arthurian Pages: The Mabinogion
  • Branwaedd: Mabinogion
  • Timeless Myths: Mabinogion
  • The Mabinogion public domain audiobook at LibriVox

A discussion of the words Mabinogi and Mabinogion tin be found at

  • Mabinogi and "Mabinogion"
  • A discussion of places mentioned

A theory on authorship can be found at

  • Is this Welsh princess the first British adult female author?

cunninghamfacen1987.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogion

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